Black Owned Wall Street

In January 1914, attorneys for boxer Jack Johnson filed for a new trial, arguing that a Mann Act conviction required proof of both commercial intent and physical force against the victim — not merely association with immoral activity.
Attorney Bachrach also made a striking claim: roughly 2,000 women, largely from France, were being trafficked into the United States annually by an organized syndicate, with distribution networks operating across major cities from New York to Nome, Alaska. He noted that many men in large cities were profiting handsomely from these women’s exploitation.
End Result
Jack Johnson’s appeal was ultimately unsuccessful. He had already fled to Europe in 1913 to avoid sentencing, living in exile for several years. He eventually returned to the United States in 1920 and served his prison sentence. Over a century later, in 2018, President Donald Trump granted Johnson a posthumous pardon, widely seen as a recognition that his original conviction had been racially motivated.